Cholinesterase Test Cholinesterase test measures the level of two enzymes in the blood called acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. These enzymes are responsible for breaking down a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which is important for muscle movement and cognitive function. Pre-test preparation: There is no specific preparation required for a cholinesterase test. Testing method: The cholinesterase test is a blood test. A healthcare provider will take a sample of blood from the patient’s arm, usually from a vein in the elbow or the back of the hand. The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Symptoms for prescribing this test: Cholinesterase test may be ordered if a person has symptoms such as muscle weakness, twitching, or difficulty breathing, or if they have been exposed to certain chemicals or drugs that can inhibit the activity of these enzymes. Diagnosis: Cholinesterase test results can be used, along with other tests, to diagnose and monitor certain conditions such as organophosphate pesticide exposure, myasthenia gravis, and some types of cancer. Reference range and normal values: The normal range for cholinesterase levels in the blood varies depending on the type of cholinesterase and the laboratory that performs the test. Typically, the normal range for acetylcholinesterase is between 8,000-18,000 U/L and for butyrylcholinesterase is between 30,000-100,000 U/L. Medical disclaimer: It is important to note that a cholinesterase test is just one aspect of a diagnosis and that other tests and factors will be considered. It is also important to consult your healthcare provider for professional and personalized advice. The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Cholesterol (Total) Test The Cholesterol (Total) test measures the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is found in the bloodstream and in all of your body’s cells. It is necessary for the body to function properly, but too much cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease and other health problems. Pre-test preparation: A cholesterol test is usually done after fasting for 9 to 12 hours. This means that you can’t eat or drink anything except water during that time. Testing method: The Cholesterol (Total) test is a blood test. A healthcare provider will take a sample of blood from the patient’s arm, usually from a vein in the elbow or the back of the hand. The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Symptoms for prescribing this test: Cholesterol test may be ordered if a person has symptoms such as chest pain, if they have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease, or if they have other risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or obesity. Diagnosis: Cholesterol test results can be used, along with other tests, to diagnose and monitor high cholesterol, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Reference range and normal values: The normal range for total cholesterol is typically less than 200 mg/dL. However, this may vary slightly depending on the laboratory that performs the test. Medical disclaimer: It is important to note that a cholesterol test is just one aspect of a diagnosis and that other tests and factors will be considered. It is also important to consult your healthcare provider for professional and personalized advice. The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Chloride Test The Chloride test measures the amount of chloride in the blood. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps balance the body’s fluids, maintain proper blood pressure, and support the function of the kidneys, muscles, and nerves. Pre-test preparation: There is no specific preparation required for a Chloride test. Testing method: The Chloride test is a blood test. A healthcare provider will take a sample of blood from the patient’s arm, usually from a vein in the elbow or the back of the hand. The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Symptoms for prescribing this test: Chloride test may be ordered if a person has symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, or dehydration, or if they have conditions such as kidney or lung disease, or metabolic disorders. Diagnosis: Chloride test results can be used, along with other tests, to diagnose and monitor conditions such as kidney or lung disease, metabolic disorders, or electrolyte imbalances. Reference range and normal values: The normal range for Chloride levels in the blood is typically between 96-106 mEq/L. However, this may vary slightly depending on the laboratory that performs the test. Medical disclaimer: It is important to note that a Chloride test is just one aspect of a diagnosis and that other tests and factors will be considered. It is also important to consult your healthcare provider for professional and personalized advice. The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Ceruloplasmin Test Ceruloplasmin is a protein produced by the liver that helps transport copper in the blood. A ceruloplasmin test is used to measure the level of ceruloplasmin in the blood. It is typically ordered when a healthcare provider suspects that a patient has a copper metabolism disorder, such as Wilson’s disease or Menkes disease, or when a patient has symptoms of anemia, joint pain, or neurological problems. Pre-test preparation: There is no specific preparation required for a ceruloplasmin test. Testing method: The ceruloplasmin test is a blood test. A healthcare provider will take a sample of blood from the patient’s arm, usually from a vein in the elbow or the back of the hand. The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Symptoms for prescribing this test: Symptoms of copper metabolism disorders that may lead to a ceruloplasmin test include: Neurological problems, such as tremors, difficulty walking, and speech difficulties Anemia Joint pasuch as hypokalemia (low potassium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels). Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) Diagnosis: The ceruloplasmin test results will be used in conjunction with other tests, such as a copper and copper/zinc ratio test, to help diagnose a copper metabolism disorder. Reference range and normal values: The normal range for ceruloplasmin levels in the blood is typically between 20-40 mg/dL. However, this may vary slightly depending on the laboratory that performs the test. Medical disclaimer: It is important to note that a ceruloplasmin test is just one aspect of a diagnosis and that other tests and factors will be considered. It is also important to consult your healthcare provider for professional and personalized advice. The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Test Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that is found in several body tissues, including the liver, heart, muscles, and kidneys. The AST test, also known as SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) test, is used to measure the level of AST in the blood, which can help diagnose liver and heart problems. Pre-test preparation: No special preparation is usually required for an AST test. Testing method: A blood sample is taken and sent to a laboratory for analysis. Common symptoms that may prompt a healthcare provider to prescribe an AST test include: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) Abdominal pain Nausea Fatigue Loss of appetite Dark-colored urine Itchy skin Diagnosis: Elevated levels of AST in the blood can be a sign of liver or heart problems. Liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer can cause elevated AST levels. Heart conditions such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) can also cause elevated AST levels. Reference range: Normal values for AST levels in the blood vary depending on the laboratory, but generally range from 5 to 40 units per liter (U/L) for men and from 5 to 35 U/L for women. It’s important to note that the test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other test results. A single test result should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis and treatment decisions. A qualified healthcare professional should interpret the test results and give you a proper diagnosis. Additionally, other liver function test like ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) should also be considered along with AST test to get a better understanding of liver function.

Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) Test Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) is a protein that is a major component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol. The Apo B test is used to measure the level of Apo B in the blood, which can help assess the risk of heart disease. Pre-test preparation: No special preparation is usually required for an Apo B test. Testing method: A blood sample is taken and sent to a laboratory for analysis. Common symptoms that may prompt a healthcare provider to prescribe an Apo B test include: Chest pain or pressure Shortness of breath Fatigue Numbness or weakness in the arms or legs Swelling in the legs or feet Diagnosis: High levels of Apo B in the blood can be a sign of an increased risk of heart disease. Reference range: Normal values for Apo B levels in the blood vary depending on the laboratory, but generally range from 40 to 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). It’s important to note that the test results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical presentation and other test results. A single test result should not be used as the sole basis for diagnosis and treatment decisions. A qualified healthcare professional should interpret the test results and give you a proper diagnosis. It’s also important to consider other risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and family history of heart disease when interpreting the results of an Apo B test. Introduction to Apolipoproteins: Apolipoproteins are critical proteins that play a significant role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. Among these, Apolipoprotein A (Apo A) and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) are particularly important. Understanding their functions and the need for testing can provide insights into your heart health and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. What is Apolipoprotein B? Apolipoprotein B is a primary protein found in low-density lipoproteins (LDL), often referred to as “bad cholesterol.” It serves as a structural component for these particles and is essential for lipid metabolism. Elevated levels of Apo B are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up inside the arteries. Why is Apolipoprotein B Testing Important? An Apolipoprotein B test measures the amount of Apo B in your blood. This test is crucial because: Risk Assessment: Apo B is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than traditional lipid measurements like LDL cholesterol. Comprehensive Evaluation: It helps in assessing the number of atherogenic particles, providing a more detailed understanding of your lipid profile. Targeted Treatment: The test can guide personalized treatment plans for individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Apolipoprotein A vs. Apolipoprotein B: What’s the Difference? While Apolipoprotein B is associated with LDL and other atherogenic particles, Apolipoprotein A (specifically Apo A-I) is a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or “good cholesterol.” HDL helps remove cholesterol from arteries and transport it to the liver for excretion. Hence, Apo A and Apo B have opposite roles in lipid metabolism: Apolipoprotein A: Protective, helps in clearing cholesterol from the bloodstream. Apolipoprotein B: Indicates the presence of atherogenic lipoproteins, linked to increased cardiovascular risk. How is the Apolipoprotein B Test Conducted? The Apo B test is a simple blood test. Here’s what you can expect: Preparation: Typically, you may need to fast for 9-12 hours before the test, although this can vary based on your doctor’s recommendations. Procedure: A healthcare professional will draw a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm. Results: The blood sample is analyzed in a laboratory to determine the Apo B levels. Results are usually available within a few days. Interpreting Apolipoprotein B Test Results: Understanding your test results can help in managing your health: Normal Levels: Typically, Apo B levels below 90 mg/dL are considered optimal for individuals at low cardiovascular risk. High Levels: Apo B levels above 120 mg/dL may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and might warrant lifestyle changes or medication. When Should You Consider an Apolipoprotein B Test? Your doctor might recommend an Apo B test if: You have a family history of heart disease. You have high levels of LDL cholesterol. You have metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. You’re undergoing treatment for hyperlipidemia and need to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment. Benefits of Regular Apo B Testing:Regular monitoring of Apo B can offer several benefits: Early Detection: Identifies high cardiovascular risk early, allowing for timely intervention. Treatment Monitoring: Helps in assessing the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies. Customised Care: Supports personalised health care and targeted treatment strategies. Conclusion: Apolipoprotein B testing is a vital tool in cardiovascular risk assessment and management. By understanding the role of Apo B and regularly monitoring its levels, you can take proactive steps towards maintaining heart health and preventing cardiovascular diseases. If you have any concerns about your cholesterol levels or heart health, consult your healthcare provider about the benefits of Apo B testing. For more detailed information and to schedule your Apolipoprotein B test, visit PrognoHealth.

CA-19.9 Test CA-19.9 is a blood test that measures the level of a protein called carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). This protein is often elevated in people with certain types of cancer, particularly those of the pancreas, colon, stomach, liver, and biliary tract. There is usually no specific preparation required for this test, but you should inform your doctor if you are taking any blood-thinning medications or have any bleeding disorders as this may affect the results. The test is typically performed on a blood sample taken from a vein in the arm. The blood is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Common symptoms that may prompt a doctor to order a CA-19.9 test include abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss. However, it is important to note that many people with elevated CA 19-9 levels do not have any symptoms. Elevated CA-19.9 levels can indicate the presence of cancer, but it is not a specific test for any one type of cancer and a positive result will need to be confirmed by other diagnostic tests such as imaging or biopsy. Elevated levels can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions such as pancreatitis, so it is important that the test results be interpreted in the context of the patient’s overall clinical picture. Normal reference range for CA-19.9 varies from lab to lab, and it can be affected by various factors, such as age and sex. Generally, levels below 37 U/mL are considered normal. However, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for the proper interpretation of test results. It is important to note that this test is not a screening test for cancer and should not be used as such. It should only be ordered and interpreted by a healthcare provider as part of a thorough diagnostic evaluation.

CA-15.3 Test CA-15.3 is a blood test that measures the levels of a protein called cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in the blood. This protein is produced by some types of breast cancer cells, and its levels can be used to monitor the progression of the disease or to determine the effectiveness of treatment. Pre-test preparation for the CA-15.3 test typically involves fasting for 8-12 hours before the test is performed. The test is usually done in a lab or a doctor’s office, and it involves taking a sample of blood from a vein in the arm. Common symptoms that may lead a healthcare provider to prescribe the CA-15.3 test include a lump or thickening in the breast, changes in the size or shape of the breast, or changes in the skin of the breast, such as redness or dimpling. The CA-15.3 test is used to monitor the progression of breast cancer and to determine the effectiveness of treatment. Elevated levels of CA 15-3 in the blood can indicate that the cancer has spread or is growing, while lower levels can indicate that the cancer is responding to treatment. However, this test is not used as a diagnostic tool and should not be used alone to diagnose cancer. Reference ranges and normal values for the CA-15.3 test vary depending on the lab that performs the test. Typically, levels of CA 15-3 in the blood are considered normal if they are less than 30 U/mL. However, it is important to note that a normal CA-15.3 test result does not necessarily mean that a person does not have cancer, as some people with breast cancer may have normal CA 15-3 levels. Please note that this is general information and not a substitute for a professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It is important to consult with a qualified healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Total protein Test The total protein test is a laboratory test that measures the amount of protein in the blood. Protein is essential for many bodily functions such as maintaining healthy muscles, bones, skin, and hair, and fighting infections. There is no specific pre-test preparation required for the total protein test. The test is typically done by drawing blood from a vein in the arm and sending it to a lab for analysis. Common symptoms that may lead a healthcare provider to prescribe a total protein test include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and swelling in the legs or abdomen. Individuals who have a history of kidney disease, liver disease, or who have a family history of protein deficiencies are at risk of having low protein levels and may need to be tested. The test is used to diagnose and monitor conditions that affect protein levels in the body such as malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain cancers. High or low levels of total protein can indicate the presence of these conditions and monitor their progression. The reference range for total protein levels varies depending on the lab that is performing the analysis but generally, the normal range for adults is considered to be between 6 and 8 grams per deciliter (g/dL). However, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper interpretation of the results, as other factors such as age, sex, and other medical conditions can affect total protein levels. It’s important to note that total protein test is not a diagnostic test, it is only a screening test, and it should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests such as albumin, globulin, and other blood tests to diagnose the underlying condition and monitor the treatment. Additionally, a positive screening test does not confirm the presence of the underlying condition, it only indicates that there is an increased risk and a diagnostic test is needed for a definitive diagnosis.