Book Diagnostic Tests

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An Estradiol test measures the amount of a hormone called estradiol in the blood. Estradiol is the the primary female sex hormone. Estrogen tests are used to detect a deficiency or excess in a woman and to help diagnose a variety of conditions associated with this imbalance. They may also be used to help determine the timing of a woman's ovulation and may be ordered to monitor the health status of the developing baby and placenta during pregnancy. In a man, estrogen testing may be performed to detect a hormone excess and its cause. It help diagnose early-onset puberty, when a young girl develops secondary sex characteristics sooner than expected; or delayed puberty, when a girl shows delayed development of secondary sex characteristics or start of menstruation and to Investigate menstrual abnormalities, such as lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), infertility, and abnormal vaginal bleeding

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Estriol can be measured in maternal blood or urine and can be used as a marker of fetal health. Unconjugated estriol (uE3) is a form of estrogen that is produced by the fetus through metabolism. This process involves the liver, adrenals, and the placenta. Some of the unconjugated estriol crosses the placenta and can be measured in the mother's blood. Levels rise around the 8th week and continue to increase until shortly before delivery. If levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3 or free estriol) are abnormally low in a pregnant woman, this may indicate chromosomal or congenital anomalies like Down syndrome or Edward's syndrome.

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Estriol can be measured in maternal blood or urine and can be used as a marker of fetal health. Estriol levels usually are only measured during pregnancy. Estriol is produced in large amounts by the placenta, the tissue that links the fetus to the mother. It can be detected as early as the 9th week of pregnancy, and its levels increase until delivery. Estriol can also be measured in urine.

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A quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) test measures the specific level of HCG in the blood. HCG is a hormone produced in the body during pregnancy. It may be used to confirm a pregnancy. It may also be used, along with a progesterone test, to help diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, to help diagnose and monitor a pregnancy that may be failing, and/or to monitor a woman after a miscarriage. HCG can first be detected in a blood sample approximately 11 days after conception. Levels of hCG continue to double every 72 hours and reach their peak around eight to eleven weeks after conception. HCG levels then decline and level off, remaining steady for the rest of the pregnancy.

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The Free triiodothyrine (T3) test measures the amount of this hormone in the blood. Whenever T3, T4 and TSH fails to give a clear diagnostic picture, it is advisable to do FT3,FT4 tests. Especially when patient is on treatment or pregnant free hormones gives a better picture. FT3 is carried out to diagnose hyperthyroidism, to determine thyroid function and to help monitor the progress of a person with a thyroid disorder. Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone bound to carrier proteins that circulates in blood. The main transport protein is thyroxin binding globulin (TBG). The free (unbound) portion of triiodothyronine (free T3) is responsible for the biological action and plays an important role in the body’s control of metabolism. Free Triiodothyronine test measures the amount of T3 in the blood. Blood levels of T3 is increased or decreased because of insufficient or excessive production of the hormone by the thyroid gland due to thyroid dysfunction or pituitary dysfunction. Abnormal levels of T3 in the blood are associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and slow metabolism.

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The Free T4 measures the amount of free T4 in blood. Whenever T3, T4 and TSH fails to give a clear diagnostic picture, it is advisable to do FT3,FT4 tests. Especially when patient is on treatment or pregnant free hormones gives a better picture. Free thyroxine test is carried out to evaluate thyroid function, to help diagnose hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and to screen for hypothyroidism in new borns and aid in the diagnosis of female infertility. This test is more accurate as it is not affected by protein level. Thyroxin (T4) is one of the two major hormones (the other called Triiodothyronine) produced by the thyroid gland. In the blood, T4 is either free (not bound) or protein-bound (bound to thyroxin- binding globulin). The free form of T4 is biologically active, hence measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormone is of diagnostic value. The T4 test measures the amount of thyroxin in the blood and helps control metabolism and growth.

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The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) test measures the amount of FSH in the blood. FSH is a hormone that regulates the growth and development of eggs and sperm, and this test is used to diagnose or evaluate disorders involving the pituitary gland and reproductive system. FSH testing is performed if a physician suspects the patient may have a disorder involving the reproductive system or pituitary gland. The pituitary gland produces FSH, which stimulates the growth of the sacks (follicles) that surround the eggs in a woman's ovaries. This is important for the process of ovulation, in which the egg is released. In men, FSH stimulates production of sperm. If there are abnormal levels of FSH in the blood it may mean that one of several disorders are present. Normal fluctuations occur as a result of puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. The FSH test is performed more often on women than on men. In women, it is used to determine if menopause has begun, to diagnose infertility and menstrual disorders (such as anovulatory bleeding), to measure hormone levels in children who enter puberty at an early age, and to diagnose other disorders. In men, it can be used to determine early puberty, abnormal tissue growth on one or more of the hormone-secreting (endocrine) glands (called multiple endocrine neoplasia), or to diagnose other disorders.

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The growth hormone (GH) stimulation test measures the ability of  the body to produce GH. Growth hormone (GH), also known as human growth hormone (HGH) or somatotropin, is one of several hormones produced by the pituitary gland of the brain. Growth hormone plays a crucial role in normal human growth and development. GH levels that are higher or lower than they should be can lead to health problems in both children and adults. This test is most often done to find out whether GH deficiency is causing slowed growth. GH testing may also be performed if there are signs that a child’s body is producing too much of the growth hormone. This can result in a very rare condition known as gigantism, in which the long bones do not stop growing at the end of puberty. People with this condition can grow to heights of seven feet or more.

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This test used to detect level of insulin in fasting state and is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production. Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps transport glucose , the body's main source of energy, from the blood to within cells. If a person makes too little insulin or is resistant to its effects, cells starve. If someone makes too much, as may happen with an insulin-producing tumor (insulinoma). Insulin testing may be ordered with glucose and C-peptide tests. Insulin levels are also sometimes used in conjunction with the glucose tolerance test (GTT).

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This test is used to detect level of insulin in blood is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production. Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps transport glucose , the body's main source of energy, from the blood to within cells. If a person makes too little insulin or is resistant to its effects, cells starve. If someone makes too much, as may happen with an insulin-producing tumor (insulinoma). Insulin testing may be ordered with glucose and C-peptide tests. Insulin levels are also sometimes used in conjunction with the glucose tolerance test (GTT).

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This test is used to detect level of insulin in blood after meal and is often used to evaluate the cause of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or any other conditions related to abnormal insulin production. Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps transport glucose , the body's main source of energy, from the blood to within cells. If a person makes too little insulin or is resistant to its effects, cells starve. If someone makes too much, as may happen with an insulin-producing tumor (insulinoma). Insulin testing may be ordered with glucose and C-peptide tests. Insulin levels are also sometimes used in conjunction with the glucose tolerance test (GTT).

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A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. iT IS a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that acts to maintain a constant concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid. The hormone regulates absorption of calcium from the GI tract; mobilization of calcium from the bones; deposition of calcium in the bones; and excretion of calcium in the breast milk, feces, sweat, and urine. This test is used to help identify hyperparathyroidism, to find the cause of abnormal calcium levels, or to check the status of chronic kidney disease. PTH controls calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.

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This test is used to measure leutinizing hormone in blood. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is an important hormone produced in both men and women. It plays a role in puberty, menstruation, and fertility. A luteinizing hormone test measures the amount of this hormone in a sample of blood or urine. In women, LH regulates the menstrual cycle and egg release (ovulation). LH (leutinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) prompt the ovaries to begin producing the hormone estrogen, which causes a girl’s body to mature and prepare for menstruation. An acute rise of LH called the ‘LH surge’ triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels rise and fall in sync during the monthly menstrual cycle. In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which plays a role in sperm production.

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TSH test measures the amount of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) in the blood, to screen for and help diagnose thyroid disorders and to monitor treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in kids. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, a tiny organ located below the brain and behind the sinus cavities. It is part of the body's feedback system to maintain stable amounts of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the blood and to help control the rate at which the body uses energy. It is a part of Thyroid Profile. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.

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A parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test measures the level of parathyroid hormone in the blood. iT IS a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that acts to maintain a constant concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid. The hormone regulates absorption of calcium from the GI tract; mobilization of calcium from the bones; deposition of calcium in the bones; and excretion of calcium in the breast milk, feces, sweat, and urine. This test is used to help identify hyperparathyroidism, to find the cause of abnormal calcium levels, or to check the status of chronic kidney disease. PTH controls calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.