Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test

The Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) test is a specialized blood examination used to measure the level of AFP, a protein normally produced during fetal development. In adults, an elevated AFP level is clinically significant because it is commonly associated with certain malignancies, especially cancers of the liver, testes, and ovaries. AFP functions as an important tumor marker, assisting doctors in detecting cancer, monitoring treatment response, and identifying recurrence at an early stage.

In liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), AFP is often markedly elevated, making it one of the primary diagnostic tools alongside imaging studies. In testicular cancer, particularly non-seminomatous germ cell tumors, AFP levels help assess tumor burden and evaluate response to therapy. Elevated AFP may also be seen in ovarian germ cell tumors, where tracking AFP levels is an essential part of disease management.

Beyond oncology, AFP testing plays a major role in pregnancy. Maternal serum AFP levels can provide early insights into fetal neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, as well as chromosomal abnormalities including Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome.

AFP is therefore a versatile biomarker used in multiple clinical settings—from cancer detection to prenatal screening. Its value lies in its ability to signal abnormalities even before symptoms become obvious, enabling timely medical intervention and improved outcomes.

Measures AFP levels in blood to help diagnose liver, testicular, and ovarian cancers, and to monitor treatment or recurrence.