Book Diagnostic Tests

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A cardiolipin antibodies test measures the concentration of the antibodies IgG (immunoglobulin G) as they relate to the amount of cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid, or lipid (fat) molecule, in the blood. Cardiolipin antibodies are associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are acquired autoantibodies produced against cardiolipins. They are produced by the immune system against their own cells, tissues, and/or organs and attack them causing inflammation & damage. They increase the patient's risk of developing recurrent inappropriate blood clots in the blood vessels. Cardiolipin antibodies are also associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. This test is an indicator for progressive autoimmune disease.

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A cardiolipin antibodies test measures the concentration of the antibodies IgM (immunoglobulin M) as they relate to the amount of cardiolipins. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid, or lipid (fat) molecule, in the blood.Cardiolipin antibodies are associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are acquired autoantibodies produced against cardiolipins. They are produced by the immune system against their own cells, tissues, and/or organs and attack them causing inflammation & damage. They increase the patient's risk of developing recurrent inappropriate blood clots in the blood vessels. Cardiolipin antibodies are also associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. This test is an indicator in the diagnosis of beginning autoimmune disease.

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A cardiolipin antibodies test measures the concentration of the antibodies IgA (immunoglobulin A)as they relate to the amount of cardiolipins. Cardiolipin is a phospholipid, or lipid (fat) molecule, in the blood. Cardiolipin antibodies are associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are acquired autoantibodies produced against cardiolipins. They are produced by the immune system against their own cells, tissues, and/or organs and attack them causing inflammation & damage. They increase the patient's risk of developing recurrent inappropriate blood clots in the blood vessels. Cardiolipin antibodies are also associated with thrombocytopenia, recurrent miscarriages, and with premature labor and preeclampsia. 

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This test measures the level of ACCP in blood. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies is used in diagnosis of in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Anti- CCP which stands for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP) is a blood test to confirm a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. This test detects the presence of citrulline antibodies in the blood. These autoantibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to perceived threat from citrulline. Conversion of arginine to citrulline plays a role in the autoimmune inflammatory process seen in the joints of those with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, pain, stiffness, and destructive changes in the hands, feet, and other joints throughout the body.

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This test measures the amount of anti-Chlamydia IgG level in body. Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an atypical obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections mainly in elderly and weak debilitated patients. It also seems to be strongly associated with chronic obstructive lung disease, sarcoidosis, lung cancer and precedence to asthma. Examination of sputum or the secretions of the respiratory tract may reveal signs of the bacteria. Otherwise, examination of the blood may reveal antibodies or antigens against the bacteria.High levels of anti-Chlamydia IgG antibody are of diagnostic value in chronic or systemic infections such as salpingitis, mechanical infertility, perihepatitis, epididymitis, Reiter’s syndrome and pneumonitis.

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This test measures the amount of anti-Chlamydia IgM level in body. Chlamydophila pneumoniae is an atypical obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections mainly in elderly and weak debilitated patients. It also seems to be strongly associated with chronic obstructive lung disease, sarcoidosis, lung cancer and precedence to asthma. Examination of sputum or the secretions of the respiratory tract may reveal signs of the bacteria. High levels of anti-Chlamydia IgM antibody are of diagnostic value in acute infections.

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Anti-dsDNA is one of a group of autoantibodies called antinuclear antibodies that are produced by a person's immune system when it fails to distinguish between "self" and "nonself." ANA target substances found in the nucleus of cells. Anti-dsDNA specifically target the genetic material (DNA) found in the nucleus, causing organ and tissue damage. The presence of anti-dsDNA in the blood is strongly associated with the autoimmune disorder lupus. The anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) test is used to help diagnose autoimmune disorders like lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), Sjögren syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

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A GAD test is a blood test which measures whether the body is producing a type of antibody which destroys its own GAD cells. GAD antibodies test is used to detect type 1 diabetes. A GAD antibody test may be favoured as a way of testing for which type of diabetes over a c-peptide test, which measures how much insulin is being produced by the body.

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Anti HAV IgG test is used to detect past Hepatitis A Virus infections. Viral hepatitis is any type of liver inflammation caused by a viral infection. Commonly called infectious hepatitis, this is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is usually a mild disease, most often spread by food and water contamination, but sometimes through sexual contact. Immunologic tests are not commercially available for the HAV antigen, but two types of antibodies to HAV can be detected. IgG (anti-HAV/IgG) appears approximately two weeks after the IgM begins to increase and remains positive. Acute hepatitis is suspected if IgM is elevated; conversely, if IgG is elevated without IgM, a convalescent stage of HAV is presumed. IgG antibody can remain detectable for decades after infection.

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Anti HAV IgM test is used to detect current Hepatitis A Virus infections. Viral hepatitis is any type of liver inflammation caused by a viral infection. Commonly called infectious hepatitis, this is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is usually a mild disease, most often spread by food and water contamination, but sometimes through sexual contact. Immunologic tests are not commercially available for the HAV antigen, but two types of antibodies to HAV can be detected. IgM antibody (anti-HAV/ IgM), appears approximately three to four weeks after exposure and returns to normal within several months. Acute hepatitis is suspected if IgM is elevated; conversely, if IgG is elevated without IgM, a convalescent stage of HAV is presumed. IgG antibody can remain detectable for decades after infection.

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The total HAV antibody test detects both IgM and IgG antibodies and thus may be used to identify both current and past infections. Viral hepatitis is any type of liver inflammation caused by a viral infection. Commonly called infectious hepatitis, this is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is usually a mild disease, most often spread by food and water contamination, but sometimes through sexual contact. Immunologic tests are not commercially available for the HAV antigen, but two types of antibodies to HAV can be detected.IgG (anti-HAV/IgG) appears approximately two weeks after the IgM begins to increase and remains positive. IgM antibody (anti-HAV/ IgM), appears approximately three to four weeks after exposure and returns to normal within several months. Acute hepatitis is suspected if IgM is elevated; conversely, if IgG is elevated without IgM, a convalescent stage of HAV is presumed. IgG antibody can remain detectable for decades after infection.

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Anti HCV Antibodies test is done for the screening and diagnosis of HCV infection and to monitor the treatment of a person infected with the virus. Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. The infection is often asymptomatic, but once established, chronic infection can progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The hepatitis C virus is spread by blood-to-blood contact i.e. by exposure to contaminated blood, blood products & organ transplants; though the sharing of infected needles by IV drug users; needlestick injuries or blood spatter to the eyes or open wounds; body piercings and tattoos; shared personal care items such as razors, toothbrushes, cuticle scissors etc; through sexual intercourse with an infected person, and vertical transmission.

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This test is used to detect acute HBV infection. Viral hepatitis is any type of liver inflammation caused by a viral infection. It is the first antibody produced after infection with HBV. This appears just before acute hepatitis develops and remains elevated (although it slowly declines) for years. It is also present in chronic hepatitis. The hepatitis B core antibody is elevated during the time lag between the disappearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen and the appearance of the hepatitis B surface antibody in an interval called the "window." During this time, the hepatitis B core antibody is the only detectable marker of a recent hepatitis B infection. Other liver tests such as AST, ALT, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) may be used to monitor the progress of the disease. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be performed to evaluate how much damage has occurred to the liver.

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It can be used to help detect acute and chronic HBV infections; the IgM antibody is the first antibody produced after infection with HBV; IgG antibody is produced in response to the core antigen later in the course of the infection and usually persists for life. This appears just before acute hepatitis develops and remains elevated (although it slowly declines) for years. It is also present in chronic hepatitis. The hepatitis B core antibody is elevated during the time lag between the disappearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen and the appearance of the hepatitis B surface antibody in an interval called the "window." During this time, the hepatitis B core antibody is the only detectable marker of a recent hepatitis B infection.

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These are antibodies developed against hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg). Anti-HBe is the second antibody to appear and is associated with rapid clearance of HBeAg. Later, anti-HBe declines and persists for only a few months or years if there is no active viral replication. If HBeAg is considered a specific marker of infectivity, the presence of anti-HBeAg antibody in blood is recognised to be a clinical sign of recovery from infection to convalescence. It is detected in patients who have recovered from hepatitis B infections as well as those are chronically infected. In the bloodstream, this indicates a reduced risk of infectivity in patients who have previously been HBeAg positive. Chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers can be positive for either HBeAg or anti-HBe, but are less infectious when anti-HBe is present. Antibody to e antigen can persist for years, but usually disappears earlier than anti-HBs or anti-HBc.