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CD4 test is used to monitor disease progression in HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. Another name for them is T-helper cells. CD4 cells are made in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland, which are part of the lymph or infection-fighting system. CD4 cells move throughout your body, helping to identify and destroy germs such as bacteria and viruses. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In general, HIV disease is progressing if the CD4 count is going down. This means the immune system is getting weaker and you are more likely to get sick. In some people, CD4 counts can drop dramatically, even going down to zero.

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CD4 test is used to monitor disease progression in HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. Another name for them is T-helper cells. CD4 cells are made in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland, which are part of the lymph or infection-fighting system. CD4 cells move throughout your body, helping to identify and destroy germs such as bacteria and viruses. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In general, HIV disease is progressing if the CD4 count is going down. This means the immune system is getting weaker and you are more likely to get sick. In some people, CD4 counts can drop dramatically, even going down to zero. CD8 cells, also called T8 cells, play a major role in fighting infections such as HIV. A healthy adult usually has between 150 and 1,000 CD8 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Unlike CD4 cells, people living with HIV tend to have higher-than-average CD8 cell counts. The virus keeps the immune system in a state of constant inflammation, this can cause CD8 cell numbers to be chronically inflated

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CMV Antibody (IGG & IGM)testing can be used to detect recent or past exposure to Cytomegalovirus infection. Diagnosis of primary, acute phase infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), especially in patients with infectious mononucleosis and pregnant women who, based on clinical signs or exposure, may have primary CMV infection.There are two types of CMV antibodies that are produced in response to a CMV infection, IgM and IgG, and one or both may be detected in the blood. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the body in response to a CMV infection. They are present in most individuals within a week or two after the initial exposure. IgM antibody production rises for a short time period and then declines. After several months, the level of CMV IgM antibody usually falls below detectable levels. Additional IgM antibodies are produced when latent CMV is reactivated. Testing for IgM antibodies may be used to detect a congenital infection in a newborn. Tests that detect the virus directly must be performed to confirm the diagnosis. IgG antibodies are produced by the body several weeks after the initial CMV infection and provide protection from primary infections. Levels of IgG rise during the active infection, then stabilize as the CMV infection resolves and the virus becomes inactive. After a person has been exposed to CMV, he or she will have some measurable amount of CMV IgG antibody in their blood for the rest of their life. CMV IgG antibody testing can be used, along with IgM testing, to help confirm the presence of a recent or previous CMV infection.

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CMV IGG test helps to detect past exposure to cytomegalovirus infection. IgG antibodies are produced by the body several weeks after the initial CMV infection and provide protection from primary infections. Levels of IgG rise during the active infection, then stabilize as the CMV infection resolves and the virus becomes inactive. After a person has been exposed to CMV, he or she will have some measurable amount of CMV IgG antibody in their blood for the rest of their life. CMV IgG antibody testing can be used, along with IgM testing, to help confirm the presence of a recent or previous CMV infection.

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CMV IGM test helps to detect recent exposure to cytomegalovirus infection. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the body in response to a CMV infection. They are present in most individuals within a week or two after the initial exposure. IgM antibody production rises for a short time period and then declines. After several months, the level of CMV IgM antibody usually falls below detectable levels. Additional IgM antibodies are produced when latent CMV is reactivated. Testing for IgM antibodies may be used to detect a congenital infection in a newborn. Tests that detect the virus directly must be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

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Complement tests, most commonly C4 are used to determine whether deficiencies or abnormalities in the complement system are causing, or contributing to, a person's disease or condition. Complement plays several functions in immunity. It can poke holes in bacteria, kill bacteria that are first targeted by antibodies, or, working with antibodies, point out which bacteria need to be engulfed by white blood cells. Without sufficient complement, the body is prone to frequent infections, like pneumonia or meningitis, or other illnesses, including autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus. Complement testing may be used to diagnose and monitor the activity and treatment of acute or chronic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Monitor immune complex-related diseases and conditions such as glomerulonephritis (a kidney disorder), serum sickness, and vasculitis.

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Complement tests, most commonly C3 are used to determine whether deficiencies or abnormalities in the complement system are causing, or contributing to, a person's disease or condition. omplement plays several functions in immunity. It can poke holes in bacteria, kill bacteria that are first targeted by antibodies, or, working with antibodies, point out which bacteria need to be engulfed by white blood cells. Without sufficient complement, the body is prone to frequent infections, like pneumonia or meningitis, or other illnesses, including autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus. Complement testing may be used to Help diagnose and monitor the activity and treatment of acute or chronic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Both C3 and C4 levels are typically depressed in SLE while C3 alone is low in septicemia and infections caused by fungi or parasites such as malaria. Monitor immune complex-related diseases and conditions such as glomerulonephritis (a kidney disorder), serum sickness, and vasculitis.

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The Direct Coombs test is used to detect the antibodies that are bound to the surface of red blood cells. These antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells and cause anemia. This test may be performed to diagnose the cause of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, jaundice or Rh disease in humans. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia; i.e., a condition of a low count of red blood cells (aka RBCs) caused by immune system lysis or breaking of RBC membranes causing RBC destruction.

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The indirect Coombs' test is used to check for unbound circulating antibodies in the serum sample, against a series of standardized red blood cells. The indirect Coombs test is generally used in prenatal testing of pregnant women and in testing blood prior to a blood transfusion or to determine if a person might have a reaction to a blood transfusion. Blood banks use the indirect Coombs' test is to determine whether there is likely to be an adverse reaction to blood that is going to be used for a blood transfusion.

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This test detects the antigen of a parasite called Entameba histolytica in stool or blood. This test is used to diagnose and manage amebiasis, which is an infection with this parasite . Amoebiasis is a type of gastrointestinal infection infecting the bowel and is caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. It is usually transmitted by ingesting contaminated water containing the microorganism; eating contaminated raw vegetables and fruit; unprotected oral-anal sexual contact or through contact with dirty hands or objects in areas of poor sanitation and unhygienic conditions. This test is also used when an amebic liver abscess or amebic dysentery are suspected.

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This test detect allergy to particular drug. A drug allergy occurs when your immune system reacts abnormally to a medication. Drug allergic reactions are similar to allergic reactions resulting from food and other substances that we ingest. An individual's genetic make-up helps determine what they are allergic to and the severity of their allergies. Allergic reactions can be mild or deadly. Mild reactions include itching, rash, and hives. More serious reactions involve swelling of lips, tongue, and difficulty breathing that can lead to death.

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D-dimer tests are used to rule out the presence of a thrombus. Some of the conditions that the d-dimer test is used to help rule out include (1)Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (2)Pulmonary embolism (PE) (3) Stroke. A D-dimer level may be used to help diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and to monitor the effectiveness of DIC treatment. D-dimer levels may be elevated in the setting of pregnancy, inflammation, malignancy, trauma, postsurgical treatment, liver disease (decreased clearance), and heart disease. A positive test shows there may be a significant formation and breakdown of a thrombus which is indicated by abnormally elevated D-dimer levels. However, the location and cause of the blood clot may be undetectable. This calls for further testing to confirm the presence of a thrombus. Additional tests include an ultrasound of the leg veins.

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Double marker test is one of such tests carried out during pregnancy. Double marker test helps to detect the abnormalities in the unborn child. There is double marker test available for those who suffer from Down’s syndrome. In fact it is detection of pre-birth conditions of the fetus and is usually done after 14 weeks of pregnancy up to 20 weeks. This test detects any kind of chromosomal abnormalities that might occur after the conception occurs.

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The Epstein-Barr virus test is a blood test used to identify an EBV infection. Specifically, the EBV test is used to detect antibodies to EBV antigens. The test can detect that occurred in the past. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies are used to help diagnose infectious mononucleosis (mono). The test is primarily used to detect whether first time infection (called primary infection) with the Epstein-Barr virus is currently occurring, or has occurred within a short period of time. The pattern of the antibodies detected can, however, tell if the person has never been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, or if the infection occurred in the more distant past. These tests are mostly utilized in the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis when the more common diagnostic test, the heterophile antibody, is negative, or in situations where the infection is manifesting unusual symptoms. Therefore, the tests are often not needed in a situation where a doctor believes that a person has mononucleosis and the heterophile test (also called the monospot test) is positive. In pregnant women with symptoms of a viral illness, one or more EBV antibody tests may be ordered along with tests for CMV, toxoplasmosis, and other infections (sometimes as part of a TORCH screen) to help distinguish between EBV and conditions that may cause similar symptoms.

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The Epstein-Barr virus test is a blood test used to identify an EBV infection. Specifically, the EBV test is used to detect antibodies to EBV antigens. The test can detect the current infection. The VCA-IgM antibody appears first and tends to disappear after about 4 to 6 weeks. The test is primarily used to detect whether first time infection (called primary infection) with the Epstein-Barr virus is currently occurring, or has occurred within a short period of time. The pattern of the antibodies detected can, however, tell if the person has never been infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, or if the infection occurred in the more distant past. These tests are mostly utilized in the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis when the more common diagnostic test, the heterophile antibody, is negative, or in situations where the infection is manifesting unusual symptoms. Therefore, the tests are often not needed in a situation where a doctor believes that a person has mononucleosis and the heterophile test (also called the monospot test) is positive.