Book Diagnostic Tests

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The total protein test measures the total amount of proteins found in the fluid portion of your blood.  Protein is the major source of building material for muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails, and the internal organs. It is necessary for the formation of many hormones, enzymes, and antibodies and may act as a source of energy. Rich dietary sources are meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, and cheese, which are classified as complete proteins because they contain the nine essential amino acids. Nuts and legumes, including navy beans, chickpeas, soybeans, and split peas, are also good sources but are incomplete proteins because they do not contain all the essential amino acids in adequate amounts. Proteins are necessary for your body’s growth, development, and health. Blood contains two classes of protein, albumin and globulin. Albumin proteins keep fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. Globulin proteins play an important role in your immune system. This test is often done to diagnose nutritional problems, kidney disease or liver disease. Elevated total protein indicates infection or inflammation (Such as Viral Hepatitis B or C, HIV) and low level is seen in Liver disorders, Kidney disorders and Malnutrition. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.

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The quad screen (sometimes referred to as the quadruple screen, AFP4, or multiple marker) is a blood test that can tell you whether your baby is at an increased risk for certain problems. The conditions it screens for are Down syndrome and trisomy 18, which are chromosomal abnormalities, as well as neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. The quad screen is done in the second trimester, usually between 15 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. Ideally, the test should be performed in conjunction with first-trimester screening tests. This combination is known as integrated or sequential screening. But if you miss the opportunity to start your screening in the first trimester, the quad screen alone can still give you some good information. These screening tests help you assess your baby's chances of having certain genetic diseases and birth defects. The results can help you decide whether to have amniocentesis, an invasive diagnostic test, to find out for sure about your baby's condition.Screening tests tell you how likely it is that your baby has a condition, but only a diagnostic test like amniocentesis tells you whether your baby actually has the condition. While the quad screen carries no risk for the mom or baby, amniocentesis does have a small risk of miscarriage.

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Rheumatoid factor is a blood test, commonly used for the diagnosis, screening and the progress of the autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome . Rheumatoid factors are proteins produced by your immune system that can attack healthy tissue in your body. High levels of rheumatoid factor in the blood are most often associated with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome. But rheumatoid factor may be detected in some healthy people, and people with autoimmune diseases sometimes have normal levels of rheumatoid factor.

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Scl70 test is a test used to detect scl 70 antibodies in your blood. It is used to evaluate certain immune system disorders such as, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and systemic lupus erythematosus. Scl 70 antibodies are more common in patients with extensive cutaneous involvement and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, and are considered a poor prognostic sign.

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This lab test measures the levels of proteins called globulins in the fluid (serum) part of a blood sample. Globulins are a group of proteins within the blood. They are divided into three main groups: alpha, beta, and gamma. They are produced by the liver and the immune system. Globulins have multiple different functions; the group includes immunoglobulins, enzymes, carrier proteins and complement. Low level of globulin is a sign of several serious health conditions. Renal disease, hepatic dysfunction, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), acute hemolytic anemia, agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia can cause the globulin levels to drop. This is also a sign that proteins taken in by the digestive system are not being broken down or absorbed properly. Increased level of globulin may indicate acute infection, bone marrow cancer and chronic Inflammatory Bowel disease, Rheumatic Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosis.

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Protein electrophoresis is used to evaluate, diagnose, and monitor a variety of diseases and conditions. Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate different elements (fractions) of a blood sample into individual components. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a screening test that measures the major blood proteins by separating them into five distinct fractions: albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma proteins. Protein electrophoresis can also be performed on urine. It can be used for these purposes because the levels of different blood proteins rise or fall in response to such disorders as cancer, intestinal or kidney protein-wasting syndromes, disorders of the immune system, liver dysfunction, impaired nutrition, and chronic fluid-retaining conditions.

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This test measures the amount of sodium (salt) in blood. Sodium testing is a part of the routine lab evaluation of most patients. It is one of the blood electrolytes, which are often ordered as a group. The most common group of blood electrolytes is sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate (total CO2). These electrolytes are also included in the basic metabolic panel, a larger group of tests widely used when someone has non-specific health complaints. High serum sodium levels (hypernatremia) occur at sodium concentrations over 145 mM, with severe hypernatremia over 152 mM. Hypernatremia is usually caused by diseases that cause excessive urination. In these cases, water is lost, but sodium is still retained in the body. The symptoms include confusion and can lead to convulsions and coma. Low serum sodium levels (hyponatremia) are below 130 mM, with severe hyponatremia at or below 125 mM. Hyponatremia often occurs with severe diarrhea, with losses of both water and sodium, but with sodium loss exceeding water loss. Hyponatremia provokes clinical problems only if serum sodium falls below 125 mM, especially if this has occurred rapidly. The symptoms can be as mild as tiredness but may lead to convulsions and coma.

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This test measures the amount of zinc in blood. Zinc is one of the essential minerals which is needed for the body's defense (immune) system to properly work. It plays a role in cell division, cell growth, wound healing and the breakdown of carbohydrates. Zinc is also an essential component of around 200 enzymes that are involved in a range of actions within the body and is needed for the senses of smell and taste too. Zinc depletion occurs in burn patients who lose zinc in the exudates from their burn sites. Hepatic cirrhosis causes excess loss of zinc by enhancing renal excretion. Other diseases that cause low serum zinc are ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, regional enteritis, sprue, intestinal bypass, neoplastic disease, and increased catabolism induced by anabolic steroids. The conditions of anorexia and starvation also result in low zinc levels.

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This test measures the level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in your blood. SHBG is a protein made by your liver. It binds tightly to three sex hormones found in both men and women: estrogen; dihydrotestosterone, or DHT; and testosterone. SHBG carries these three hormones throughout your blood. SHBG and testosterone levels may be ordered on an adult male to help determine the cause of infertility, a decreased sex drive, and erectile dysfunction, especially when total testosterone results are inconsistent with clinical signs. In women, small amounts of testosterone are produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands. Even slight increases in testosterone production can disrupt the balance of hormones and cause symptoms such as lack of menstruation (amenorrhea), infertility, acne, and male pattern hair growth (hirsutism). These symptoms and others are often seen with polycystic ovarian syndrome, a condition characterized by an excess production of androgens. SHBG and testosterone testing may be useful in helping to detect and evaluate excess testosterone production and/or decreased SHBG concentrations.

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This test measures the amount of copper in blood. It is used to check for a deficiency or toxic level of copper in the body. This test is also used when disorders of copper metabolism, such as Wilson's disease, are suspected. Wilson’s disease is an autosomal recessive disease due to accumulation of copper in the body in toxic amounts. It presents usually at age 5–20 with unexplained liver disease, neurological or psychiatric symptoms. There is an increased excretion of urine copper, but reduced serum copper. This is because ceruloplasmin, the protein which transports copper in serum, is reduced in Wilson’s disease even though the total body load of copper, and its urinary excretion, are markedly elevated. Copper test are ordered along with ceruloplasmin when someone has signs and symptoms that may be due to Wilson disease, excess copper storage, copper poisoning, or due to a copper deficiency.

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The ferritin test measures the level of ferritin in the body. Ferritin is a protein in the body that binds to iron; most of the iron stored in the body is bound to ferritin. Ferritin is found in the liver , spleen , skeletal muscles, and bone marrow. Only a small amount of ferritin is found in the blood. The amount of ferritin in the blood shows how much iron is stored in your body.The ferritin test is ordered to assess a person's iron stores in the body. The test is sometimes ordered along with an iron test and a TIBC to detect the presence and severity of iron deficiency or iron overload. Low levels of ferritin are indicative of iron deficiency, which causes anemia. High levels of ferritin can indicate an iron storage disorder, such as hemochromatosis, or It could also point to liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory conditions or hyperthyroidism.

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A folic acid test measures the amount of folic acid in the blood. Folic acid is a water-soluable vitamin belonging to the B-complex group of vitamins. These vitamins help the body break down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars to be used for energy. Folic acid works together with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to metabolize protein in the body. It is important for the formation of red and white blood cells. It is necessary for the proper differentiation and growth of cells and for the development of the fetus. It is also used to form the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA. It increases the appetite and stimulates the production of stomach acid for digestion and it aids in maintaining a healthy liver. Source-Folic acid is found in leafy green vegetables, beans, peas and lentils, liver, beets, brussel sprouts, poultry, nutritional yeast, tuna, wheat germ, mushrooms, oranges, asparagus, broccoli, spinach, bananas, strawberries. Folic acid deficiency can result in a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia. Folate deficiency is commonly encountered as a result of dietary deficiency or increased demand for this vitamin.(eg: pregnancy)

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A vitamin B12 level test measures the amount of B12 in your blood. Vitamin B12 is a B complex vitamin that is necessary for normal blood cell formation, tissue and cellular repair and DNA synthesis. Source-Vitamin B12 is found in animal products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs. Why it is done- It helps to diagnose the cause of certain type of anemia such as megaloblastic anemia.It also helps to find the cause of dementia or other nervous system symptoms, such as tingling or numbness of the arms or legs (peripheral neuropathy). To See if vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is present after a person has been diagnosed with atrophic gastritis.

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The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a lab test used to check stool samples for hidden (occult) blood. Occult blood in the stool may indicate colon cancer or polyps in the colon or rectum. Typically, occult blood is passed in such small amounts that it can be detected only through the chemicals used in a fecal occult blood test. If blood is detected through a fecal occult blood test, additional tests may be needed to determine the source of the bleeding. The fecal occult blood test can only detect the presence or absence of blood — it doesn't indicate potential sources of bleeding. Positive tests ("positive stool") may result from either upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and warrant further investigation for peptic ulcers or a malignancy. Why it is done-(1) If you're age 50 or older and at average risk of colon cancer, your doctor may recommend a fecal occult blood test every year to screen for colon cancer. (2) To Evaluate possible causes of unexplained anemia- Anemia is a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. Sometimes a fecal occult blood test is used to determine whether bleeding in your digestive tract — such as a bleeding ulcer — is contributing to anemia.

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This test measures the amount of triglycerides in blood. It is typically included as a part of the lipid panel which also checks total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL and LDL levels to help determine the risk of developing heart disease. It is generally seen that people with high triglycerides often have a high total cholesterol level, including a high LDL (bad) level and a low HDL (good) level. Triglycerides are a storage form of lipid found in blood. High levels of triglyceride are considered as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Commonly seen in cases of diabetes, pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism and hypoproteinemias. Elevated levels of triglycerides are mainly due to obesity, physical inactivity; cigarette smoking, excess alcohol consumption and a diet very high in carbohydrates. Hence it is generally seen that high triglycerides are mainly a lifestyle-related risk factor.