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A Bilirubin- Direct test measures the amount of bilirubin -direct in a blood sample. Direct bilirubin dissolves in water (it is soluble) and is made by the liver from indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin- Direct is increased in biliary obstruction.

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This test is used to diagnose biotinidase deficiency in clinically symptomatic patients and to confirm the diagnosis suspected from abnormal newborn screening.Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by central nervous system and skin manifestations. Individuals with profound deficiency usually present around 3 months of age, but may present as early as the first week of life and as late as 10 years of age. If untreated, the patient may experience seizures, developmental delay, skin lesions, and irreversible sensorineural deafness.

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Blood sugar fasting and postprandial measure the amount of sugar (glucose) in a person's blood. The fasting plasma glucose test is done on an empty stomach. For the eight hours before the test, the person must fast (nothing to eat or drink, except water). The fasting plasma glucose test is done on an empty stomach. For the eight hours before the test, the person must fast (nothing to eat or drink, except water). The two-hour postprandial blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose in plasma after a person eats a specific meal containing a certain amount of sugar. Blood sugar tests are done primarily to diagnose and evaluate a person with diabetes mellitus.

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Blood sugar fasting test measures the amount of glucose, in your blood after atleast 8 hours fast. It is often the first test done to check for prediabetes and diabetes. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it's 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.

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Blood Sugar Postprandial measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after you start eating a meal. This is not a test used to diagnose diabetes. This test is used to see if someone with diabetes is taking the right amount of insulin with meals.

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Blood Sugar Random test measures the amount of glucose, in your blood at any time of the day. Several random measurements may be taken throughout the day. Random testing is useful because glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the day. Blood glucose levels that vary widely may mean a problem. This test is also called a casual blood glucose test.

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This test measures amount of urea in blood. A high blood level of urea ('uraemia') indicates that the kidneys may not be working properly, or that you are dehydrated (have a low body water content).

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The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the level of urea nitrogen in a sample of the patient's blood. Urea is a substance that is formed in the liver when the body breaks down protein. Urea then circulates in the blood in the form of urea nitrogen. In healthy people, most urea nitrogen is filtered out by the kidneys and leaves the body in the urine. If the patient's kidneys are not functioning properly or if the body is using large amounts of protein, the BUN level will rise. If the patient has severe liver disease, the BUN will drop.

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High-sensitivity CRP usually is ordered as one of several tests in a cardiovascular risk profile, often along with tests for cholesterol and triglycerides, when a person's risk of heart disease is being evaluated. Relatively high levels of hs-CRP in otherwise healthy individuals have been found to be predictive of an increased risk of a future heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and/or peripheral arterial disease, even when cholesterol levels are within an acceptable range.

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a blood test used to determine the presence of CA 125 serum tumor marker, which has a high degree of sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cancer. It is a useful tumor marker for evaluating therapy and monitoring disease status in patients under treatment for ovarian cancer. CA-125 is a mucin like glycoprotein. It is a surface antigen associated with nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer. The protein is sloughed or secreted from the surface of the ovarian cancer cells into the serum or ascites also made by inflamed normal cells that line body parts. This substance is shed in body fluids and finds its way into the bloodstream.

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CA 15-3 is a blood test used to determine the presence of the CA 15-3 tumor-associated serum marker. This serum marker is used for staging breast cancer and monitoring its treatment. The risk of breast cancer increases gradually as a woman gets older. This disease is uncommon in women under the age of 35. All women age 40 and older are at risk, for breast cancer. However, most breast cancers occur in women over the age of 50, and the risk is especially high for women over age 60, The risk factors of breast cancer are personal history of breast cancer, genetic alternations, family history, certain breast changes, breast density, radiation therapy, and late childbearing. Also at a somewhat increased for developing breast cancer are women who started menstruating at an early age (before age 12), experienced menopause late (after age 55), never had children, or took hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills for long period of the time. Each of these factors increases the amount of time a woman's body is exposed to estrogen. The longer this exposure, the more likely she is to develop breast cancer.

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CA 19-9 is a blood test used to determine the presence of CA 19-9 antigen. In patients with pancreatic or hepatobiliary cancer, this tumor marker is used in diagnosis, evaluation of a patient's response to treatment. CA19-9 represents the most important and basic carbohydrate tumor marker. Usually very little of CA 19.9 is detectable in the blood of normal individuals. Recently reports indicates that the serum CA19-9 level is frequently elevated in the serum of subjects with various gastrointestinal malignancies, such as pancreatic, colorectal, gastric and hepatic carcinomas. Together with CEA, elevated CA19-9 is suggestive of gallbladder neoplasm in the setting of inflammatory gallbladder disease. A persistently rising serum CA 19-9 value may be associated with progressive malignant disease and poor therapeutic response. A declining CA 19-9 value may be indicative of a favourable prognosis and good response to treatment.

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This test measures the amount of calcium in blood. It is used to evaluate parathyroid function and calcium metabolism . It is used to monitor patients with renal failure, renal transplantation, hyperparathyroidism, and various malignancies, as well as to monitor calcium levels during and after large-volume blood transfusions. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function, and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. It is a part of Kidney Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.

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The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is a laboratory blood study. CEA is a substance which is normally found only during fetal development, but may reappear in adults who develop certain types of cancer. The best use of CEA is as a tumor marker, especially for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. These include cancer of the colon, rectum, stomach (gastric cancer), esophagus, liver, or pancreas. It is also used with cancers of the breast, lung, or prostate. A rising CEA level indicates progression or recurrence of the cancer. Once treatment for the cancer has begun, CEA tests have a valuable role in monitoring the patient's progress. A decreasing CEA level means therapy is effective in fighting the cancer. A stable or increasing CEA level may mean the treatment is not working, and/or that the tumor is growing. CEA tests are also used to help detect recurrence of a cancer after surgery and/or other treatment has been completed. A rising CEA level may be the first sign of cancer return, and may show up months before other studies or patient symptoms would raise concern. Unfortunately, this does not always mean the recurrent cancer can be cured. Patients who are most likely to benefit from nonstandard treatments, such as bone marrow transplants, may be determined on the basis of CEA values, combined with other test results. CEA levels may be one of the criteria for determining whether the patient will benefit from more expensive studies, such as CT scan or MRI. Determinations of CEA should be done frequently: at a minimum of every 3 months and if possible every 1 month to 2 months. Elevations above baseline should be verified rapidly to exclude laboratory error

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A ceruloplasmin test can help determine the levels of Copper containing protein called ceruloplasmin in your body. Ceruloplasmin, a glycoprotein produced in the liver, transports more than 95 percent of the copper in blood plasma. Copper plays an important role in the body by aiding important bodily processes, including producing energy, forming connective tissue, helping the central nervous system function. It is used to evaluate and manage disorders related to copper such as suspected Wilson's disease or hypocupremia (decreased copper levels in blood).