This test measures the level of acid phosphatase in body. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the body, but primarily in the prostate gland. Like all enzymes, it is needed to trigger specific chemical reactions. Acid phosphatase testing is done to diagnose whether prostate cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastasized), and to check the effectiveness of treatment. The test has been largely supplanted by the prostate specific antigen test (PSA). When prostate cancer spreads to other parts of the body, acid phosphatase levels rise, particularly if the cancer spreads to the bone. One-half to three-fourths of persons who have metastasized prostate cancer have high acid phosphatase levels. Levels fall after the tumor is removed or reduced through treatment. This is not a screening test for prostate cancer. Acid phosphatase levels rise only after prostate cancer has metastasized.
This test used to measures adenosine deaminase level in blood. Adenosine Deaminase Activity (ADA) test helps to detect or rule out a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The alanine aminotransferase test, also known as ALT, is one of a group of tests known as liver function tests (or LFTs) and is used to monitor damage to the liver. The alanine aminotransferase test (ALT) can reveal liver damage. It is probably the most specific test for liver damage. However, the severity of the liver damage is not necessarily shown by the ALT test, since the amount of dead liver tissue does not correspond to higher ALT levels. Also, patients with normal, or declining, ALT levels may experience serious liver damage without an increase in ALT. Nevertheless, ALT is widely used, and useful, because ALT levels are elevated in most patients with liver disease. Although ALT levels do not necessarily indicate the severity of the damage to the liver, they may indicate how much of the liver has been damaged. ALT levels, when compared to the levels of a similar enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), may provide important clues to the nature of the liver disease. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.
This test measures the amount of albumin in blood . This test can help to determine if a patient has liver disease or kidney disease. The presence of albumin in the urine indicates malfunction of the kidney, and may accompany kidney disease or heart failure. A decrease in the serum albumin level may occur with severe disease of the kidney. Other conditions such as liver disease, malnutrition and extensive burns may result in serious decrease of plasma proteins.
Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (ACR) is a urine test used to detect small amounts of albumin leakage in urine. It helps in early identification and monitoring of kidney damage, especially in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. The ratio corrects for urine concentration variations by comparing albumin levels with creatinine.
This test measures the amount of alkaline phosphatase in blood. Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the body. Like all enzymes, it is needed, in small amounts, to trigger specific chemical reactions. When it is present in large amounts, it may signify bone or liver disease or a tumor. Growing bones need alkaline phosphatase. Any condition of bone growth will cause alkaline phosphatase levels to rise. It rises in diseases, such a bone cancer, Paget's disease, or rickets. Some tumors, however, start production of the same kind of alkaline phosphatase produced by the placenta. These tumors are called germ cell tumors and include testicular cancer and certain brain tumors. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.
The ammonia test measures the amount of ammonia in a blood . High level of ammonia in blood mey be due to cirrihosis of liver or severe hepatitis.The ammonia test is primarily used to help investigate the cause of changes in behavior and consciousness. It may be ordered, along with other tests such as Blood sugar, electrolytes, and kidney and liver function tests, to help diagnose the cause of a coma of unknown origin or to help support the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome or hepatic encephalopathy caused by various liver diseases.
This test measures the amount of amylase in blood . It is an easily and rapidly performed blood that is most specific for pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders. Elevated amylase levels may also indicate nonpancreatic disorders such as bowel perforation, penetrating peptic ulcer, duodenal obstruction, and other conditions. Other causes of rise in amylase level include mumps, diabetic ketoacidosis, biliary tract
disease, renal insufficiency, shock, some drugs (particularly narcotics), hypoxia, pelvic
infection.
Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test. Levels of apo A-I tend to rise and fall with HDL levels, and deficiencies in apo A-I correlate with an increased risk of developing CVD. An apo A-I may be ordered along with an apolipoprotein B (apo B) test to determine an apo B/apo A-I ratio. This ratio is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio (sometimes reported as part of a lipid profile) to evaluate risk for developing CVD. Apo A-I may be measured when someone has a personal or family history of abnormal lipid levels and/or premature CVD.
The apolipoprotein B (apo B) test is used, along with other lipid tests, to help determine an individual's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be ordered if a person has a family history of heart disease and/or high cholesterol and triglycerides (hyperlipidemia). It may be performed, along with other tests, to help diagnose the cause of abnormal lipid levels, especially when someone has elevated triglyceride levels. Apo B is a protein that is involved in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein constituent of lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the "bad cholesterol"). Elevated levels of apo B correspond to elevated levels of LDL-Cholesterol and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test. Levels of apo A-I tend to rise and fall with HDL levels, and deficiencies in apo A-I correlate with an increased risk of developing CVD. An apo A-I may be ordered along with an apolipoprotein B (apo B) test to determine an apo B/apo A-I ratio. This ratio is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio (sometimes reported as part of a lipid profile) to evaluate risk for developing CVD.
This test measures the level of aspartate aminotransferase in blood. AST is widely distributed with high concentrations in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and erythrocytes. Damage or disease to any of these tissues such as myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, liver necrosis, cirrhosis and muscular dystrophy may result in raised levels of AST. Although elevated serum AST is not specific for liver disease, it is used primarily to diagnose and monitor the course of liver disease (in combination with other enzymes such as ALT, ALP, and bilirubin). It has also been used to monitor patients with heart attacks, but it is much less specific than CPK isoenzyme and LDH isoenzyme for this purpose. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.
Bicarbonate Test measures the level of bicarbonate in the blood. The bicarbonate (or total CO2) test is almost never ordered by itself. It is usually ordered along with sodium, potassium, and chloride as part of an electrolyte panel. The electrolyte panel is used to detect, evaluate, and monitor electrolyte imbalances. It may be ordered as part of a routine exam or to help evaluate a chronic or acute illness. It may be ordered at intervals to help monitor conditions, such as kidney disease and hypertension, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for known imbalances.
Bile Salts and Bile Pigments test is a urine examination used to assess liver function and biliary tract obstruction. Presence of bile salts and pigments in urine indicates impaired bile flow or liver disease such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstructive jaundice.
A bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is then removed from the body through the stool (feces) and gives stool its normal color. Increased production or decreased excretion of Bilirubin results in Jaundice. The sum of Bilirubin-Direct and Bilirubin-Indirect equals total bilirubin (BRT), which is usually measured as part of a routine chemistry profile and in liver profiles.