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A Anti phospholipids antibodies test measures the concentration of the antibodies IgM (immunoglobulin M) . Some important types of phospholipid antibodies are: anticardiolipin; antinuclear and lupus antibodies. The antiphosolipid antibody test can check for elevated levels of all of the different types of antibodies. It can also be ordered to check on specific antibodies also. They play an important role in the body's ability to regulate blood clotting. It is used to determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage; evaluate or follow-up on a prolonged PTT (partial thromboplastin time) or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. The levels of these antibodies are often high in people with abnormal blood clotting, autoimmune diseases like lupus, or repeated miscarriages. This test is an indicator for begining autoimmune disease.. The levels of these antibodies are often high in people with abnormal blood clotting, autoimmune diseases like lupus, or repeated miscarriages.

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A Anti phospholipids antibodies test measures the concentration of the antibodies IgM (immunoglobulin M) and IgG (immunoglobulin G) . Antiphospholipid antibodies are autoantibodies associated with venous and arterial thrombosis; thrombocytopenia, and/or recurrent pregnancy loss. They prevent the blood to flow properly resulting in blood clots causing a health risk to both the mother and the baby. Some important types of phospholipid antibodies are: anticardiolipin; antinuclear and lupus antibodies.. The levels of these antibodies are often high in people with abnormal blood clotting, autoimmune diseases like lupus, or repeated miscarriages. 

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An antisperm antibody test to find for special proteins (antibodies) that fight against a man's sperm in blood, vaginal fluids, or semen. This antibodies can be present in either the man's or woman's body. These antibodies can be directed against any part of the sperm (head, tail, midpiece, acrosome etc.). Antibodies that attach to the sperm may impair motility and make it harder for them to penetrate the cervical mucus and gain entrance to the egg; they may also cause the sperm to clump together, which is occasionally noted on a routine semen analysis. Antibodies may also interfere with the ability of the sperm to fertilize the egg. The presence of sperm antibodies reduces male fertility significantly. The specific antibodies produced are of three types (IgA, lgG and lgM) as well as the point at which they attach to the sperm (head, midpiece, or tail). lgG type antibodies are most common in men and that IgA type can be found in women's mucus and follicular fluid. This test is done to find the reason of infertility when the couple is unable to produce children or to analyze the health of the reproductive organs. It is done as a blood test in females and as a sperm test in males. The antibodies can damage or kill sperm causing infertility.

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It is a screening tool to detect beta thalesseemia trait. Thalassaemia is a group of inherited blood disorders where the part of the blood known as haemoglobin is abnormal. The abnormality means that the affected red blood cells are unable to function normally, which leads to anaemia (a red blood cell deficiency). There are only two beta genes, one each on chromosome 11. Beta thalassaemia can range from moderate to severe. The most severe form of the condition is known as beta thalassaemia major (BTM), where both beta genes are affected. People with BTM will require blood transfusions for the rest of their life. Thalassaemia trait may be suspected from the results of an ordinary blood test called a 'full blood count'. If the result shows red blood cells that are smaller and paler than usual, this may be due to iron deficiency or to thalassaemia trait.

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This test helps to diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroid disease. It is found in autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Grave's disease and also thyroid carcinoma. Antithyroglobulin antibodies are specific antibodies produced by the immune system that bind to thyroglobulin. They may be present in a number of different disease states that affect the thyroid gland. It is important to realize that a patient may develop antithyroglobulin antibodies at any time in the course of treatment or follow-up. Testing may be performed as a follow-up when other thyroid test results (such as T3, T4, and/or TSH) indicate thyroid dysfunction.

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Anti-thrombin antibodies are autoantibodies directed against thrombin that are seen an increased levels in systemic lupus erythematosus. Antithrombin testing is primarily ordered, along with other tests for excessive clotting disorders, to investigate the cause of recurrent blood clot formation (thrombosis). Autoimmune anti-thrombin was also found to inhibit the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin.It is more often found with primary biliary cirrhosis. Antithrombin testing may sometimes be used to evaluate people who are not responding as expected to heparin. Heparin is an anticoagulant drug that is given to people who have a blood clot or are at an increased risk of forming inappropriate blood clots. Heparin can greatly increase antithrombin activity, thus inhibiting formation of blood clots, but those who are antithrombin deficient are resistant to heparin treatment.

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Anti Thyroid Antibodies Panel consist of tests helps to diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroid disease. The autoantibodies develop when a person’s immune system mistakenly recognizes components of the thyroid as foreign (not-self) and leads to chronic inflammation of the thyroid (thyroiditis), tissue damage, causing changes in thyroid function so that it no longer produces enough thyroid hormone. It is found in autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Grave's disease and thyroid carcinoma. Antithyroglobulin antibodies are specific antibodies produced by the immune system that bind to thyroglobulin and Anti thyroid peroxidase test detects antibodies against TPO in the blood.

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Anti Thyroid peroxidase test detects antibodies against TPO in the blood. The presence of TPO antibodies in your blood suggests that the cause of thyroid disease is an autoimmune disorder, such as Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease. Some people with TPO antibodies may not have thyroid disease. However, the presence of TPO antibodies may increase the risk of future thyroid disorders. If you have normal thyroid function with TPO antibodies, your doctor may recommend periodic checkups to watch for future thyroid problems. Presence of anti TPO Has been associated with reproductive difficulties, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature delivery, and in-vitro fertilization failure

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Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer is a blood test to measure antibodies against streptolysin O. It is a substance produced by bacteria(group A Streptococcus). Anti streptolysin 0 reaction provides useful information for diagnosis and monitoring of human streptococcal infections such as in tonsillitis, otitis, erysipelas scarlet fever, as well.as connective tissue diseases like rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis. This test is a sensitive test for recent streptococcal infection. A rise in titer begins about one week after infection and peaks two to four weeks later.

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This test helps to detect antibodies to Brucella sp. Usually indicates recent or past exposure to the organism. Brucellosis, caused by species of the bacteria Brucella is a highly contagious disease, which affects animals including goats, sheep, camels, pigs, elk, deer, cattle and dogs. It is caused by the ingestion of unsterilized milk, cheese or meat from infected animals; close contact with their secretions; from human to human through sexual contact or from mother to child.

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CD4 test is used to monitor disease progression in HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. Another name for them is T-helper cells. CD4 cells are made in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland, which are part of the lymph or infection-fighting system. CD4 cells move throughout your body, helping to identify and destroy germs such as bacteria and viruses. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In general, HIV disease is progressing if the CD4 count is going down. This means the immune system is getting weaker and you are more likely to get sick. In some people, CD4 counts can drop dramatically, even going down to zero.

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CD4 test is used to monitor disease progression in HIV. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. Another name for them is T-helper cells. CD4 cells are made in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland, which are part of the lymph or infection-fighting system. CD4 cells move throughout your body, helping to identify and destroy germs such as bacteria and viruses. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In general, HIV disease is progressing if the CD4 count is going down. This means the immune system is getting weaker and you are more likely to get sick. In some people, CD4 counts can drop dramatically, even going down to zero. CD8 cells, also called T8 cells, play a major role in fighting infections such as HIV. A healthy adult usually has between 150 and 1,000 CD8 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Unlike CD4 cells, people living with HIV tend to have higher-than-average CD8 cell counts. The virus keeps the immune system in a state of constant inflammation, this can cause CD8 cell numbers to be chronically inflated

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CMV Antibody (IGG & IGM)testing can be used to detect recent or past exposure to Cytomegalovirus infection. Diagnosis of primary, acute phase infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), especially in patients with infectious mononucleosis and pregnant women who, based on clinical signs or exposure, may have primary CMV infection.There are two types of CMV antibodies that are produced in response to a CMV infection, IgM and IgG, and one or both may be detected in the blood. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the body in response to a CMV infection. They are present in most individuals within a week or two after the initial exposure. IgM antibody production rises for a short time period and then declines. After several months, the level of CMV IgM antibody usually falls below detectable levels. Additional IgM antibodies are produced when latent CMV is reactivated. Testing for IgM antibodies may be used to detect a congenital infection in a newborn. Tests that detect the virus directly must be performed to confirm the diagnosis. IgG antibodies are produced by the body several weeks after the initial CMV infection and provide protection from primary infections. Levels of IgG rise during the active infection, then stabilize as the CMV infection resolves and the virus becomes inactive. After a person has been exposed to CMV, he or she will have some measurable amount of CMV IgG antibody in their blood for the rest of their life. CMV IgG antibody testing can be used, along with IgM testing, to help confirm the presence of a recent or previous CMV infection.

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CMV IGG test helps to detect past exposure to cytomegalovirus infection. IgG antibodies are produced by the body several weeks after the initial CMV infection and provide protection from primary infections. Levels of IgG rise during the active infection, then stabilize as the CMV infection resolves and the virus becomes inactive. After a person has been exposed to CMV, he or she will have some measurable amount of CMV IgG antibody in their blood for the rest of their life. CMV IgG antibody testing can be used, along with IgM testing, to help confirm the presence of a recent or previous CMV infection.

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CMV IGM test helps to detect recent exposure to cytomegalovirus infection. IgM antibodies are the first to be produced by the body in response to a CMV infection. They are present in most individuals within a week or two after the initial exposure. IgM antibody production rises for a short time period and then declines. After several months, the level of CMV IgM antibody usually falls below detectable levels. Additional IgM antibodies are produced when latent CMV is reactivated. Testing for IgM antibodies may be used to detect a congenital infection in a newborn. Tests that detect the virus directly must be performed to confirm the diagnosis.