Cardiac Risk Markers

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test. Levels of apo A-I tend to rise and fall with HDL levels, and deficiencies in apo A-I correlate with an increased risk of developing CVD. An apo A-I may be ordered along with an apolipoprotein B (apo B) test to determine an apo B/apo A-I ratio. This ratio is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio (sometimes reported as part of a lipid profile) to evaluate risk for developing CVD. Apo A-I may be measured when someone has a personal or family history of abnormal lipid levels and/or premature CVD.

Apolipoprotein - A1 (Apo-A1)

Infertility,PCOS,Pituitary disorders

Irregular menstruation,Ovulation problems

The apolipoprotein B (apo B) test is used, along with other lipid tests, to help determine an individual's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be ordered if a person has a family history of heart disease and/or high cholesterol and triglycerides (hyperlipidemia). It may be performed, along with other tests, to help diagnose the cause of abnormal lipid levels, especially when someone has elevated triglyceride levels. Apo B is a protein that is involved in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein constituent of lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the "bad cholesterol"). Elevated levels of apo B correspond to elevated levels of LDL-Cholesterol and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Apolipoprotein - B (Apo-B)

Infertility,Luteal phase defect,Pregnancy assessment

Irregular periods,Recurrent miscarriage

High-sensitivity CRP usually is ordered as one of several tests in a cardiovascular risk profile, often along with tests for cholesterol and triglycerides, when a person's risk of heart disease is being evaluated. Relatively high levels of hs-CRP in otherwise healthy individuals have been found to be predictive of an increased risk of a future heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac death, and/or peripheral arterial disease, even when cholesterol levels are within an acceptable range.

High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein

Inflammation,Heart Disease

Inflammation-pain, redness, immobity, swelling, heat Heart Disease-Chest pain, Breathlessness, pain, numbness, weakness in arms and legs, pain in the neck, jaw and throat, pale grey or blue skin color, swelling in legs.

This test is often used to determibe level of Lipoprotein level in blood. Lp (a) or Lipoprotein (a) are molecules made of proteins and fat. They carry cholesterol and similar substances through the blood. They are made in the liver and are genetic variation of LDL (bad) cholesterol. They are very similar to LDL, or “bad” cholesterol. High Lp(a) in blood is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and stroke. However, individuals without Lp(a) or with very low Lp(a) levels seem to be healthy.

Lipoprotein (A)

Cardiovascular Disease

Chest pain, Breathlessness, pain, numbness, weakness in arms and legs, pain in the neck, jaw and throat, pale grey or blue skin color, swelling in legs.

his ratio measures the balance between "bad" proteins (Apo B) that build plaque and "good" proteins (Apo A1) that clear it. It is considered a more precise predictor of heart attack risk than a standard cholesterol test.