Book Diagnostic Tests

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This test measures the amount of albumin in blood . This test can help to determine if a patient has liver disease or kidney disease. The presence of albumin in the urine indicates malfunction of the kidney, and may accompany kidney disease or heart failure. A decrease in the serum albumin level may occur with severe disease of the kidney. Other conditions such as liver disease, malnutrition and extensive burns may result in serious decrease of plasma proteins.

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Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (ACR) is a urine test used to detect small amounts of albumin leakage in urine. It helps in early identification and monitoring of kidney damage, especially in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. The ratio corrects for urine concentration variations by comparing albumin levels with creatinine.

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This test measures the amount of alkaline phosphatase in blood. Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the body. Like all enzymes, it is needed, in small amounts, to trigger specific chemical reactions. When it is present in large amounts, it may signify bone or liver disease or a tumor. Growing bones need alkaline phosphatase. Any condition of bone growth will cause alkaline phosphatase levels to rise. It rises in diseases, such a bone cancer, Paget's disease, or rickets. Some tumors, however, start production of the same kind of alkaline phosphatase produced by the placenta. These tumors are called germ cell tumors and include testicular cancer and certain brain tumors. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.

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The ammonia test measures the amount of ammonia in a blood . High level of ammonia in blood mey be due to cirrihosis of liver or severe hepatitis.The ammonia test is primarily used to help investigate the cause of changes in behavior and consciousness. It may be ordered, along with other tests such as Blood sugar, electrolytes, and kidney and liver function tests, to help diagnose the cause of a coma of unknown origin or to help support the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome or hepatic encephalopathy caused by various liver diseases.

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This test measures the amount of amylase in blood . It is an easily and rapidly performed blood that is most specific for pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders. Elevated amylase levels may also indicate nonpancreatic disorders such as bowel perforation, penetrating peptic ulcer, duodenal obstruction, and other conditions. Other causes of rise in amylase level include mumps, diabetic ketoacidosis, biliary tract disease, renal insufficiency, shock, some drugs (particularly narcotics), hypoxia, pelvic infection.

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Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test. Levels of apo A-I tend to rise and fall with HDL levels, and deficiencies in apo A-I correlate with an increased risk of developing CVD. An apo A-I may be ordered along with an apolipoprotein B (apo B) test to determine an apo B/apo A-I ratio. This ratio is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio (sometimes reported as part of a lipid profile) to evaluate risk for developing CVD. Apo A-I may be measured when someone has a personal or family history of abnormal lipid levels and/or premature CVD.

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The apolipoprotein B (apo B) test is used, along with other lipid tests, to help determine an individual's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be ordered if a person has a family history of heart disease and/or high cholesterol and triglycerides (hyperlipidemia). It may be performed, along with other tests, to help diagnose the cause of abnormal lipid levels, especially when someone has elevated triglyceride levels. Apo B is a protein that is involved in the metabolism of lipids and is the main protein constituent of lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, the "bad cholesterol"). Elevated levels of apo B correspond to elevated levels of LDL-Cholesterol and are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

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Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) may be ordered, along with other lipid tests, as part of a profile to help determine a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It may be used as an alternative to a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) test. Levels of apo A-I tend to rise and fall with HDL levels, and deficiencies in apo A-I correlate with an increased risk of developing CVD. An apo A-I may be ordered along with an apolipoprotein B (apo B) test to determine an apo B/apo A-I ratio. This ratio is sometimes used as an alternative to a total cholesterol/HDL ratio (sometimes reported as part of a lipid profile) to evaluate risk for developing CVD.

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This test measures the level of aspartate aminotransferase in blood. AST is widely distributed with high concentrations in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and erythrocytes. Damage or disease to any of these tissues such as myocardial infarction, viral hepatitis, liver necrosis, cirrhosis and muscular dystrophy may result in raised levels of AST. Although elevated serum AST is not specific for liver disease, it is used primarily to diagnose and monitor the course of liver disease (in combination with other enzymes such as ALT, ALP, and bilirubin). It has also been used to monitor patients with heart attacks, but it is much less specific than CPK isoenzyme and LDH isoenzyme for this purpose. It is a part of Liver Function Test. It is always advisable to go for complete profile, as level of each test in profile are considered while making decision on diagnosis as well as monitoring the treatment.

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Bicarbonate Test measures the level of bicarbonate in the blood. The bicarbonate (or total CO2) test is almost never ordered by itself. It is usually ordered along with sodium, potassium, and chloride as part of an electrolyte panel. The electrolyte panel is used to detect, evaluate, and monitor electrolyte imbalances. It may be ordered as part of a routine exam or to help evaluate a chronic or acute illness. It may be ordered at intervals to help monitor conditions, such as kidney disease and hypertension, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for known imbalances.

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Bile Salts and Bile Pigments test is a urine examination used to assess liver function and biliary tract obstruction. Presence of bile salts and pigments in urine indicates impaired bile flow or liver disease such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or obstructive jaundice.

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A bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin in a blood sample. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old red blood cells. Bilirubin is then removed from the body through the stool (feces) and gives stool its normal color. Increased production or decreased excretion of Bilirubin results in Jaundice. The sum of Bilirubin-Direct and Bilirubin-Indirect equals total bilirubin (BRT), which is usually measured as part of a routine chemistry profile and in liver profiles.

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A Bilirubin- Direct test measures the amount of bilirubin -direct in a blood sample. Direct bilirubin dissolves in water (it is soluble) and is made by the liver from indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin- Direct is increased in biliary obstruction.

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This test is used to diagnose biotinidase deficiency in clinically symptomatic patients and to confirm the diagnosis suspected from abnormal newborn screening.Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by central nervous system and skin manifestations. Individuals with profound deficiency usually present around 3 months of age, but may present as early as the first week of life and as late as 10 years of age. If untreated, the patient may experience seizures, developmental delay, skin lesions, and irreversible sensorineural deafness.

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Blood sugar fasting and postprandial measure the amount of sugar (glucose) in a person's blood. The fasting plasma glucose test is done on an empty stomach. For the eight hours before the test, the person must fast (nothing to eat or drink, except water). The fasting plasma glucose test is done on an empty stomach. For the eight hours before the test, the person must fast (nothing to eat or drink, except water). The two-hour postprandial blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose in plasma after a person eats a specific meal containing a certain amount of sugar. Blood sugar tests are done primarily to diagnose and evaluate a person with diabetes mellitus.