Book Diagnostic Tests

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This test is use to measure level of methadone in body. Methadone is a pain reliever. This test help to diagnose suspected overdose or abuse of methadone. Methadone is an opioid medication. An opioid is sometimes called a narcotic. Methadone reduces withdrawal symptoms in people addicted to heroin or other narcotic drugs without causing the "high" associated with the drug addiction.

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This test helps to determine recent consumption of drug from opiate family. An opiate is a narcotic analgesic that directly depresses the central nervous system. Opioids attach to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. When the drugs attach to certain opioid receptors, they block the transmission of pain messages to the brain. Opioids tend to induce euphoria by affecting the brain regions that mediate pleasure. Users generally report feeling warm, drowsy, and content. Opioids relieve stress and discomfort by creating a relaxed detachment from pain, desires, and activity. Opioids also tend to produce drowsiness, reduce heart rate, cause constipation, cause a widening of blood vessels, and depress coughing and breathing reflexes.

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This test detects phencyclidine (PCP) in urine. This test is used to help diagnose suspected overdose or abuse of PCP. A moderate amount of phencyclidine often causes users to feel detached, distant, and estranged from their surroundings. Numbness of the extremities, slurred speech, and loss of coordination may be accompanied by a sense of strength and invulnerability. A blank stare, rapid and involuntary eye movements, and an exaggerated gait are among the more observable effects. Auditory hallucinations, image distortion, severe mood disorders, and amnesia may also occur. In some users, phencyclidine may cause acute anxiety and a feeling of impending doom; in others, paranoia and violent hostility, and in some, it may produce a psychoses indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Physiological effects of phencyclidine include a slight increase in breathing rate and a more pronounced rise in blood pressure and pulse rate. Respiration becomes shallow, and flushing and profuse sweating. At high doses of phencyclidine, there is a drop in blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiration. This may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, flicking up and down of the eyes, drooling, loss of balance, and dizziness. High doses of phencyclidine can also cause seizures, coma, and death

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This test measures the amount of the drug phenobarbital in your blood. This test is used to monitor blood levels of this drug during treatment or when an overdose is suspected. Phenobarbital belongs to a class of drugs known as barbiturate anticonvulsants/hypnotics. Phenobarbital is used to treat epilepsy in children and adults. It works by controlling the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that occurs during a seizure. This medication is also used for a short time (usually no more than 2 weeks) to help calm you or help you sleep during periods of anxiety. It works by affecting certain parts of the brain to cause calming.

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This test measures the level of a bronchodilator drug called theophylline in blood. This test is used to monitor blood levels of this drug during treatment or when an overdose is suspected. Bronchodilators open up the airways to assist breathing. It helps in preventing and treating symptoms and blockage of airway due to asthma or other lung diseases (eg, emphysema, bronchitis).

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This test monitor the level of valproic acid in blood. Valproic acid is a drug that is used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy), and to treat bipolar disease and to prevent migraine headaches. It is prescribed in combination with other antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin or phenobarbital to control certain kinds of seizures. Seizure disorders affect the brain's ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity. During a seizure, a person experiences convulsions, changes in consciousness, alterations in sight, smell, and taste. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that is characterized by cycles of depression and mania. Valproic acid level is maintained within a narrow therapeutic range as insufficient amount of this drug can lead to recurrence in symptoms and excess of it leads to severity in symptoms.

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A creatinine urine test measures the amount of creatinine in your urine and helps to evaluate how well your kidneys filter waste. A 24 hr creatinine test is done on a sample of urine collected over 24 hours (24-hour urine sample). A high creatinine level may mean your kidneys are not working properly. The amount of creatinine in the blood depends partly on the amount of muscle tissue you have. Men generally have higher creatinine levels than women. It is used to determine glomerular filtration rate, which helps to measure how well the kidney functions. This test may be used in suspected cases of gout, impaired kidney function and kidney disease in diabetic patients

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A creatinine clearance test is done on both a blood sample and on a sample of urine collected over 24 hours (24-hour urine sample). A creatinine clearance test measures how well creatinine is removed from your blood by your kidneys. A creatinine clearance test gives better information than a blood creatinine test on how well your kidneys are working. It is used to help detect and diagnose kidney dysfunction and/or the presence of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. In people with known chronic kidney disease or congestive heart failure (which decreases the rate of blood flow), the creatinine clearance test may be ordered to help monitor the progress of the disease and evaluate its severity. It may also be used to help determine if and when kidney dialysis may be necessary.

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The phosphate urine test measures the amount of phosphate in a sample of urine collected over 24 hours (24-hour urine test). Phosphate is a charged particle (ion) that contains the mineral phosphorus. The body needs phosphorus to build and repair bones and teeth, help nerves function, and make muscles contract. Most (about 85%) of the phosphorus contained in phosphate is found in bones. The rest of it is stored in tissues throughout the body. A test to measure phosphate in urine may be done to diagnose kidney problems that affect phosphate levels and to find the cause of kidney stones.

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The uric acid urine test measures the amount of uric acid in a sample of urine collected over 24 hours. Uric acid is produced from the natural breakdown of your body's cells and from the foods you eat. Most of the uric acid is removed from the body in urine. A small amount passes out of the body in stool. But if too much uric acid is being produced, the level in the urine will increase. If the kidneys are not able to remove it from the blood normally, the level of uric acid in the urine will decrease. Uric acid urine test is done to check to see if kidney stones may be caused by high uric acid levels in the body.

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A test for calcium in urine is a 24-hour test that checks the amount of calcium that is passed from the body in the urine. Calcium is the most common mineral in the body and one of the most important. The body needs it to build and fix bones and teeth, help nerves work, make muscles squeeze together, help blood clot, and help the heart to work. Almost all of the calcium in the body is stored in bone. The rest is found in the blood. A urine calcium test helps to evaluate high calcium levels in the urine resulted in the development of a kidney stone and how well your kidney is functioning.

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A test for potassium in the urine is a test that checks how much potassium is in the urine. It helps to detect abnormal potassium level in urine. Potassium is both an electrolyte and a mineral. It helps keep the water (the amount of fluid inside and outside the body's cells) and electrolyte balance of the body. Potassium is also important in how nerves and muscles work. High potassium level indicate Kidney failure and low potassium level is due to diuretics or gastrointestinal disorders.

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A test for sodium in the urine is a 24-hour test or a one-time (spot) test that checks how much sodium is in the urine. Sodium is both an electrolyte and a mineral. It is used to evaluate the status of the amount of fluid within the blood vessels, and the electrolyte balance in the body. This test may be used when conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the body) are suspected. This test may be used when conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the body) are suspected It can also evaluate your kidney function.

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Urinogram is a record of urinary elimination in graphic form. It is used in diagnostic testing for various conditions related to the urinary tract and is also used to follow up on treatment for conditions like kidney stones and cancers of the urinary tract.

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A stool analysis is a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract. These conditions can include infection (such as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor nutrient absorption, or cancer. Laboratory analysis includes microscopic examination, chemical tests, and microbiologic tests. The stool will be checked for color, consistency, amount, shape, odor, and the presence of mucus. The stool may be examined for hidden (occult) blood, fat, meat fibers, bile, white blood cells camera.gif, and sugars called reducing substances. The pH of the stool also may be measured.